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It is well known that GNSS receivers are vulnerable to jamming and spoofingattacks, and numerous such incidents have been reported in the last decade allover the world. The notion of participatory sensing, or crowdsensing, is that alarge ensemble of voluntary contributors provides measurements, rather thanrelying on a dedicated sensing infrastructure. The participatory sensingnetwork under consideration in this work is based on GNSS receivers embeddedin, for example, mobile phones. The provided measurements refer to thereceiver-reported carrier-to-noise-density ratio ($C/N_0$) estimates orautomatic gain control (AGC) values. In this work, we exploit $C/N_0$measurements to locate a GNSS jammer, using multiple receivers in acrowdsourcing manner. We extend a previous jammer position estimator by onlyincluding data that is received during parts of the sensing period wherejamming is detected by the sensor. In addition, we perform hardware testing forverification and evaluation of the proposed and compared state-of-the-artalgorithms. Evaluations are performed using a Samsung S20+ mobile phone asparticipatory sensor and a Spirent GSS9000 GNSS simulator to generate GNSS andjamming signals. The proposed algorithm is shown to work well when using$C/N_0$ measurements and outperform the alternative algorithms in the evaluatedscenarios, producing a median error of 50 meters when the pathloss exponent is2. With higher pathloss exponents the error gets higher. The AGC output fromthe phone was too noisy and needs further processing to be useful for positionestimation.

Using Mobile Phones for Participatory Detection and Localization of a GNSS Jammer