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Understanding the factors underpinning device switching times is crucial forthe implementation of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) inneuromorphic computing and real-time sensing applications. Existing models ofdevice operation cannot explain the experimental observations that turn-offtimes are generally much faster than turn-on times in accumulation mode OECTs.Through operando optical microscopy, we image the local doping level of thetransistor channel and show that device turn-on occurs in two stages, whileturn-off occurs in one stage. We attribute the faster turn-off to a combinationof engineering as well as physical and chemical factors including channelgeometry, differences in doping and dedoping kinetics, and the physicalphenomena of carrier density-dependent mobility. We show that ion transport islimiting the device operation speed in our model devices. Our study providesinsights into the kinetics of OECTs and guidelines for engineering fasterOECTs.

Why accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors turn off much faster than they turn on