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Dark matter subhaloes are key for the predictions of simulations of structureformation, but their existence frequently ends prematurely due to two technicalissues, namely numerical disruption in N-body simulations and halo findersfailing to identify them. Here we focus on the second issue, using thephase-space friends-of-friends halo finder ROCKSTAR as a benchmark (though weexpect our results to translate to comparable codes). We confirm that the mostprominent cause for losing track of subhaloes is tidal distortion rather than alow number of particles. As a solution, we present a flexible post-processingalgorithm that tracks all subhalo particles over time, computes subhalopositions and masses based on those particles, and progressively removesstripped matter. If a subhalo is lost by the halo finder, this algorithm keepstracking its so-called ghost until it has almost no particles left or has trulymerged with its host. We apply this technique to a large suite of N-bodysimulations and restore lost subhaloes to the halo catalogues, which has adramatic effect on key summary statistics of large-scale structure.Specifically, the subhalo mass function increases by about 50% and the halocorrelation function increases by a factor of two at small scales. While thesequantitative results are somewhat specific to our algorithm, they demonstratethat particle tracking is a promising way to reliably follow haloes and reducethe need for orphan models. Our algorithm and augmented halo catalogues arepublicly available.

Haunted haloes: tracking the ghosts of subhaloes lost by halo finders