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The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN relies on the seededSelf-Modulation (SM) of a long relativistic proton bunch in plasma toaccelerate an externally injected MeV witness electron bunch to GeV energies.During AWAKE Run 1 (2016-2018) and Run 2a (2021-2022), two seeding methods wereinvestigated experimentally: relativistic ionization front seeding and electronbunch seeding. In the first one, a short laser pulse copropagates within theproton bunch and ionizes the rubidium vapor, generating the plasma. In thesecond, a short electron bunch propagates in plasma ahead of the proton bunchand drives the seed wakefields. Both seeding methods will be further employedduring AWAKE Run 2b (2023-2024) to study their effect on the SM evolution inthe presence of a plasma density step. In this contribution, we will show themain experimental results and discuss their impact for the future design of theexperiment, in particular for Run 2c (starting in 2028), where the plasma willbe split in two sections: one dedicated to SM of the proton bunch, and theother to the electron acceleration process.

Techniques to seed the self-modulation instability of a long proton bunch in plasma