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N-nutrients in nitrogen fertilizers are a critical resource for modernagricultural production, with most economies relying on imports to secureadequate supplies. The N-nutrient trade system is vital for global foodsecurity and ecological safety. We analyzed the N-nutrient trade network from1991 to 2020, using the perspective of the temporal rich club (TRC), toidentify the core functional groups of global N-nutrient trade. Our analysisrevealed that the Netherlands, US, France, China, UK, Belgium, Germany, andSpain form the stable cornerstone group from which other economies derive thecomplete trade network. We found that simply increasing the volume of importand export trade is insufficient to create an extensive and stable tradestructure. Instead, the most effective way to enter the core of the tradenetwork is to increase upstream and downstream trade partners and enhance itsown importance and reputation. Our mathematical model suggests that thegeneration mechanism of the TRC phenomenon in the N-nutrient trade network isdue to the coexistence of the attraction of reputation in supply and demand andthe path-dependence mechanism. By understanding these mechanisms, we canprovide a new perspective on the evolution of the trade network and thestability of the system.

The temporal rich club phenomenon and its formation mechanisms in the international nitrogen fertilizer trade