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The settling behavior of individual spheres in a quiescent fluid was studiedexperimentally. The dynamics of the spheres was analyzed in the parameter spaceof particle-to-fluid density ratio ($\Gamma$) and Galileo number($\mathrm{Ga}$), with $\Gamma \in (1.1, 7.9)$ and $\mathrm{Ga} \in (100, 340)$.The experimental results showed for the first time that the mean trajectoryangle with the vertical exhibits a complex behavior as $\mathrm{Ga}$ and$\Gamma$ are varied. Numerically predicted regimes such as Vertical Periodicand Planar Rotating were validated at high $\Gamma$ values. In particular, forthe denser spheres, a clear transition from planar to non-planar trajectorieswas observed, accompanied by the emergence of semi-helical trajectoriescorresponding to the Planar Rotating Regime. The spectra of trajectoryoscillations were also quantified as a function of $\mathrm{Ga}$, confirmingthe existence of oblique oscillating regimes at both low and high frequencies.The amplitudes of the perpendicular velocities in these regimes were alsoquantified and compared with numerical simulations in the literature. Theterminal velocity and drag of the spheres were found to depend on theparticle-to-fluid density ratio, and correlations between the drag coefficientand particle Reynolds number ($Re_p$) as a function of Ga were established,allowing for the estimation of drag and settling velocity using $\mathrm{Ga}$,a control parameter, rather than the response parameter $Re_p$.

Path instabilities and drag in the settling of single spheres