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This paper investigates the performance of a fully passive flapping foildevice for energy harvesting in a free surface flow. The study uses numericalsimulations to examine the effects of varying submergence depths and the impactof monochromatic waves on the foil's performance. The results show that thefully passive flapping foil device can achieve high efficiency for submergencedepths between 4 and 9 chords, with an "optimum" submergence depth where theflapping foil performance is maximised. The performance was found to becorrelated with the resonant frequency of the heaving motion and its proximityto the damped natural frequency. The effects of regular waves on the foil'sperformance were also investigated, showing that waves with a frequency closeto that of the natural frequency of the flapping foil aided energy harvesting.Overall, this study provides insights that could be useful for future designimprovements for fully passive flapping foil devices for energy harvestingoperating near the free surface.

Investigation of Submergence Depth and Wave-Induced Effects on the  Performance of a Fully Passive Energy Harvesting Flapping Foil Operating  Beneath the Free Surface