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Sharding scales throughput by splitting blockchain nodes into parallelgroups. However, different shards' independent and random scheduling forcross-shard transactions results in numerous conflicts and aborts, sincecross-shard transactions from different shards may access the same account. Adeterministic ordering can eliminate conflicts by determining a global orderfor transactions before processing, as proved in the database field.Unfortunately, due to the intertwining of the Byzantine environment andinformation isolation among shards, there is no trusted party able topredetermine such an order for cross-shard transactions. To tackle thischallenge, this paper proposes Prophet, a conflict-free sharding blockchainbased on Byzantine-tolerant deterministic ordering. It first depends onuntrusted self-organizing coalitions of nodes from different shards topre-execute cross-shard transactions for prerequisite information aboutordering. It then determines a trusted global order based on stateless orderingand post-verification for pre-executed results, through shard cooperation.Following the order, the shards thus orderly execute and commit transactionswithout conflicts. Prophet orchestrates the pre-execution, ordering, andexecution processes in the sharding consensus for minimal overhead. Werigorously prove the determinism and serializability of transactions under theByzantine and sharded environment. An evaluation of our prototype shows thatProphet improves the throughput by $3.11\times$ and achieves nearly no abortson 1 million Ethereum transactions compared with state-of-the-art sharding.

Prophet: Conflict-Free Sharding Blockchain via Byzantine-Tolerant Deterministic Ordering