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Attosecond x-ray pulse with known spectro-temporal information is anessential tool for the investigation of ultrafast electron dynamics in quantumsystems. Ultrafast free-electron lasers (FELs) have the unique advantage onunprecedented high-intensity at x-ray wavelengths. However, no suitable methodhas been established so far for the spectro-temporal characterization of theseultrashort x-ray pulses. In this letter, a simple method has been proposedbased on self-referenced spectral interferometry for reconstructing ultrashortFEL pulses both in temporal and spectral domains. We have demonstrated that theproposed method is reliable to reconstruct the temporal profile and phase ofattosecond x-ray FEL pulses with an error of only a few-percent-level.Moreover, the first proof-of-principle experiment has been performed to achievesingle-shot spectro-temporal characterization of ultrashort pulses from ahigh-gain FEL. The precision of the proposed method will be enhanced with thedecrease of the pulse duration, paving a new way for complete attosecond pulsecharacterization at x-ray FELs.

Self-referenced Spectral Interferometry for Single-shot Characterization of Ultrashort Free-electron Laser Pulses