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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a new technique that is able tomanipulate the wireless environment smartly and has been exploited forassisting the wireless communications, especially at high frequency band.However, it suffers from hardware impairments (HWIs) in practical designs,which inevitably degrades its performance and thus limits its full potential.To address this practical issue, we first propose a new RIS reflection modelinvolving phase-shift errors, which is then verified by the measurement resultsfrom field trials. With this beamforming model, various phase-shift errorscaused by different HWIs can be analyzed. The phase-shift errors are classifiedinto three categories: (1) globally independent and identically distributederrors, (2) grouped independent and identically distributed errors and (3)grouped fixed errors. The impact of typical HWIs, including frequency mismatch,PIN diode failures and panel deformation, on RIS beamforming ability arestudied with the theoretical model and are compared with numerical results. Theimpact of frequency mismatch are discussed separately for narrow-band andwide-band beamforming. Finally, useful insights and guidelines on the RISdesign and its deployment are highlighted for practical wireless systems.

How Practical Phase-shift Errors Affect Beamforming of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface?