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We present a dynamic model for the optimal control of hydrogen blending intonatural gas pipeline networks subject to inequality constraints. The dynamicmodel is derived using the first principles partial differential equations(PDEs) for the transport of heterogeneous gas mixtures through long distancepipes. Hydrogen concentration is tracked together with the pressure and massflow dynamics within the pipelines, as well as mixing and compatibilityconditions at nodes, actuation by compressors, and injection of hydrogen ornatural gas into the system or withdrawal of the mixture from the network. Weimplement a lumped parameter approximation to reduce the full PDE model to adifferential algebraic equation (DAE) system that can be easily discretized andsolved using nonlinear optimization or programming (NLP) solvers. We examine atemporal discretization that is advantageous for time-periodic boundaryconditions, parameters, and inequality constraint bound values. The method isapplied to solve case studies for a single pipe and a multi-pipe network withtime-varying parameters in order to explore how mixing of heterogeneous gasesaffects pipeline transient optimization.

Dynamic Optimization and Optimal Control of Hydrogen Blending Operations in Natural Gas Networks