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Early detection of volcanic eruptions is of major importance for protectinghuman life. Ground deformation and changes in seismicity, geochemistry,petrology, and gravimetry are used to assess volcanic activity beforeeruptions. Studies on Mt. Etna (Italy) have demonstrated that vegetation can beaffected by pre-eruptive activity before the onset of eruptions. During twoconsecutive years before Mt. Etna's 2002/2003 flank eruption, enhancedvegetation index (NDVI) values were detected along a distinct line which laterdeveloped into an eruptive fissure. However, the mechanisms by which volcanicactivity can lead to changes in pre-eruption tree growth processes are stillnot well understood. We analysed ${\delta}^{13}$C, ${\delta}^{18}$O and$^{14}$C in the rings of the survived trees growing near to the line where thepre-eruptive increase in NDVI was observed in order to evaluate whether theuptake of water vapour or fossil volcanic CO2 could have contributed to theenhanced NDVI. We found a dramatic decrease in ${\delta}^{18}$O in tree ringsformed before 2002/2003 in trees close to the eruption fissure, suggestinguptake of volcanic water by trees during pre-eruptive magma degassing. Moistconditions caused by outgassing of ascending magma may also have led to anobserved reduction in tree-ring ${\delta}^{13}$C following the eruption.Furthermore, only ambiguous evidence for tree uptake of degassed CO2 was found.Our results suggest that additional soil water condensed from degassed watervapour may have promoted photosynthesis, explaining local increases in NDVIbefore the 2002/2003 Mt. Etna flank eruption. Tree-ring oxygen stable isotopesmight be used as indicators of past volcanic eruptions.

Tree-ring stable isotopes and radiocarbon reveal pre- and post-eruption effects of volcanic processes on trees on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy)