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Dynamical and statistical behavior of the ionic particles in dissolved saltshave long been known, but their hydration shells still raise unsettledquestions. We engineered a ``diffusion tunnel diode" that is structurallyanalogous to the well-known Esaki diode, but now concentration gradients serveas generalized voltages and the current means particle flow. In anequipartition sense, the hydrated ions enter a cavity as individual particlesand later, upon increase of their concentration therein, they lose watermolecules that henceforth are particles of their own. These temporarilyattached water molecules thus are the tunnel current analogue. Unlike theoriginal tunnel diode, our negative differential resistance has implicationsfor the second law of thermodynamics, due to thermal effects of changes in thehydration shells.

Diffusion across a concentration step: Strongly nonmonotonic evolution into thermodynamic equilibrium