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Extreme floods threat lives, assets and ecosystems, with largest impactsoccurring in urbanised areas. However, flood mitigation schemes generallyneglect the fact that urban floods carry a considerable amount of solid load.In this study, we define Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs) as loose objects presentin the urban landscape that can become mobile over certain flow conditions,thereafter blocking drainage infrastructure and endangering both downstream andupstream communities. Based on post-flood photographic records from 63 majorinundations of the past quarter-century across 46 countries, we provide acomprehensive analysis of UFDs and its flood-hazard implications. We show thata variety of vehicles, furniture and a heterogeneous mixture of drifters arepresent in post-flooding scenarios. Plastic, wood drifters and constructiondebris represent each about 20% of the material transported in urban floods(57.8% together), while only 11.2% corresponds to cars, which is practicallythe only UFD analysed in flood literature. We develop a UFD-stability diagram,showing that caravans, recreational vehicles (RVs) and also furniture such asdumpsters or garden sheds, can be more relevant from a flood hazardperspective.

Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs): identification, classification and characterisation