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This study investigates the effect of thermal modification on the flexuralproperties, transverse fracture energy, and hardness of western hemlock, amaterial which is finding increasing applications in construction. Flexuretests on specimens featuring longitudinal and transverse grains showed thatthermal modification at 167C slightly improves the flexural modulus andstrength and leads to less statistical variability compared to unmodifiedsamples. On the other hand, the fracture and Janka hardness tests revealed amore pronounced brittleness of the thermally modified samples. In fact, thetotal mode I fracture energy of modified Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB)samples was about 47% lower for radial-longitudinal systems and 60% lower fortangential-longitudinal systems. Similarly, the average Janka hardness in thetangential, radial, and transverse planes was 8.5%, 3.9%, and 9.4% lower in themodified specimens, respectively. The results presented in this work show thatthermal modification can have a significant effect on the fracturing behaviorof western hemlock and its energy dissipation capabilities. For design, thismust be taken into serious consideration as these properties significantlyinfluence the damage tolerance of this wood in the presence of stressconcentrations such as e.g., those induced in bolted joints and cut outs.Fracture energy and hardness are also strongly correlated to ballisticperformance.

Effects of Thermal Modification on the Flexure Properties, Fracture Energy, and Hardness of Western Hemlock