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We have investigated the exciton fine structure in atomically thin WSe2-based van der Waals heterostructures where the density of optical modes at thelocation of the semiconductor monolayer can be tuned. The energy splitting$\Delta$ between the bright and dark exciton has been measured byphotoluminescence spectroscopy. We demonstrate that $\Delta$ can be tuned by afew meV, as a result of a significant Lamb shift of the optically activeexciton which arises from emission and absorption of virtual photons triggeredby the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. We also measuredstrong variations of the bright exciton radiative linewidth, as a result of thePurcell effect. All these experimental results illustrate the strongsensitivity of the excitons to local vacuum field. We found a very goodagreement with a model that demonstrates the equivalence, for our system, of aclassical electrodynamical transfer matrix formalism andquantum-electrodynamical approach. The bright-dark splitting controldemonstrated here should apply to any semiconductor structures.

Control of the Bright-Dark Exciton Splitting using Lamb Shift in a 2D Semiconductor