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Block-based programming environments are increasingly used to introducecomputing concepts to beginners. However, novice students often struggle inthese environments, given the conceptual and open-ended nature of programmingtasks. To effectively support a student struggling to solve a given task, it isimportant to provide adaptive scaffolding that guides the student towards asolution. We introduce a scaffolding framework based on pop quizzes presentedas multi-choice programming tasks. To automatically generate these pop quizzes,we propose a novel algorithm, PQuizSyn. More formally, given a reference taskwith a solution code and the student's current attempt, PQuizSyn synthesizesnew tasks for pop quizzes with the following features: (a) Adaptive (i.e.,individualized to the student's current attempt), (b) Comprehensible (i.e.,easy to comprehend and solve), and (c) Concealing (i.e., do not reveal thesolution code). Our algorithm synthesizes these tasks using techniques based onsymbolic reasoning and graph-based code representations. We show that ouralgorithm can generate hundreds of pop quizzes for different student attemptson reference tasks from Hour of Code: Maze Challenge and Karel. We assess thequality of these pop quizzes through expert ratings using an evaluation rubric.Further, we have built an online platform for practicing block-basedprogramming tasks empowered via pop quiz based feedback, and report resultsfrom an initial user study.

Adaptive Scaffolding in Block-Based Programming via Synthesizing New Tasks as Pop Quizzes