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Polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is sensitive to newphysics violating parity symmetry, such as the presence of a pseudoscalar"axionlike" field. Such a field may be responsible for early dark energy (EDE),which is active prior to recombination and provides a solution to the so-calledHubble tension. The EDE field coupled to photons in a parity-violating mannerwould rotate the plane of linear polarization of the CMB and produce across-correlation power spectrum of $E$- and $B$-mode polarization fields withopposite parities. In this paper, we fit the $EB$ power spectrum predicted bythe photon-axion coupling of the EDE model with a potential $V(\phi)\propto[1-\cos(\phi/f)]^3$ to polarization data from Planck. We find that the uniqueshape of the predicted $EB$ power spectrum is not favored by the data andobtain a first constraint on the photon-axion coupling constant, $g=(0.04\pm0.16)M_{\text{Pl}}^{-1}$ (68% CL), for the EDE model that best fits the CMB andgalaxy clustering data. This constraint is independent of the miscalibration ofpolarization angles of the instrument or the polarized Galactic foregroundemission. Our limit on $g$ may have important implications for embedding EDE infundamental physics, such as string theory.

Constraint on Early Dark Energy from Isotropic Cosmic Birefringence