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A collision between two atomic nuclei accelerated close to the speed of lightcreates a dense system of quarks and gluons. Interactions among them are sostrong that they behave collectively like a droplet of fluid of ten-femtometersize, which expands into the vacuum and eventually fragments into thousands ofparticles. We report direct evidence that this fluid reaches thermalization, atleast to some extent, using recent data from the Large Hadron Collider. TheATLAS Collaboration has measured the variance of the momentum per particleacross Pb+Pb collision events with the same particle multiplicity. It decreasessteeply over a narrow multiplicity range corresponding to central collisions,which hints at an emergent phenomenon. We show that the observed pattern isexplained naturally if one assumes that, for a given multiplicity, the momentumper particle increases as a function of the impact parameter of the collision.Since a larger impact parameter goes along with a smaller collision volume,this in turn implies that the momentum per particle increases as a function ofdensity. This is a generic property of relativistic fluids, thus observed forthe first time in a laboratory experiment.

Thermalization at the femtoscale seen in high-energy Pb+Pb collisions