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We are witnessing a novel era of creativity where anyone can create digitalcontent via prompt-based learning (known as prompt engineering). This paperdelves into prompt engineering as a novel creative skill for creating AI artwith text-to-image generation. In a pilot study, we find that many crowdsourcedparticipants have knowledge about art which could be used for writing effectiveprompts. In three subsequent studies, we explore whether crowdsourcedparticipants can put this knowledge into practice. We examine if participantscan 1) discern prompt quality, 2) write prompts, and 3) refine prompts. We findthat participants could evaluate prompt quality and crafted descriptiveprompts, but they lacked style-specific vocabulary necessary for effectiveprompting. This is in line with our hypothesis that prompt engineering is a newtype of skill that is non-intuitive and must first be acquired (e.g., throughmeans of practice and learning) before it can be used. Our studies deepen ourunderstanding of prompt engineering and chart future research directions. Weoffer nine guidelines for conducting research on text-to-image generation andprompt engineering with paid crowds. We conclude by envisioning four potentialfutures for prompt engineering.

Prompting AI Art: An Investigation into the Creative Skill of Prompt Engineering