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Quantum computers are expected to bring drastic acceleration to severalcomputing tasks against classical computers. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ) devices, which have tens to hundreds of noisy physical qubits, aregradually becoming available, but it is still challenging to achieve usefulquantum advantages in meaningful tasks at this moment. On the other hand, thefull fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) based on the quantum errorcorrection (QEC) code remains far beyond realization due to its extremely largerequirement of high-precision physical qubits. In this study, we propose aquantum computing architecture to close the gap between NISQ and FTQC. Ourarchitecture is based on erroneous arbitrary rotation gates and error-correctedClifford gates implemented by lattice surgery. We omit the typical distillationprotocol to achieve direct analog rotations and small qubit requirements, andminimize the remnant errors of the rotations by a carefully-designed stateinjection protocol. Our estimation based on numerical simulations shows that,for early-FTQC devices that consist of $10^4$ physical qubits with physicalerror probability $p = 10^{-4}$, we can perform roughly $1.72 \times 10^7$Clifford operations and $3.75 \times 10^4$ arbitrary rotations on 64 logicalqubits. Such computations cannot be realized by the existing NISQ and FTQCarchitectures on the same device, as well as classical computers. We hope thatour proposal and the corresponding development of quantum algorithms based onit bring new insights on realization of practical quantum computers in future.

Partially Fault-tolerant Quantum Computing Architecture with Error-corrected Clifford Gates and Space-time Efficient Analog Rotations