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The quenching of light and heavy flavor hadrons in relativistic heavy-ioncollisions probes the color and flavor dependences of parton energy lossthrough a color-deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP), and thus reveals theproperties of QCD matter at extremely high density and temperature. Bycombining a next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculation of partonproduction, a general ansatz of parton energy loss functions and partonfragmentation functions, we calculate the nuclear modification of varioushadron species -- charged hadrons, $D$ mesons and $B$-decayed $J/\psi$ -- overa wide transverse momentum regime. Comparing our calculations to theexperimental data using the Bayesian statistical analysis, we perform a firstsimultaneous extraction of the energy loss functions of gluons ($g$), lightquarks ($q$), charm quarks ($c$) and bottom quarks ($b$) inside the QGP. Wefind that the average parton energy loss at high energies follows the expectedhierarchy of $\langle \Delta E_g \rangle > \langle \Delta E_q \rangle \sim\langle \Delta E_c \rangle > \langle \Delta E_b \rangle$, while the partonenergy loss distribution can further test the QCD calculations of partoninteraction with the dense nuclear matter. We also find that the reduction ofexperimental uncertainties can significantly improve the precision of theextracted parton energy loss functions inside the QGP.

Flavor hierarchy of parton energy loss in quark-gluon plasma from a Bayesian analysis