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Longer near-infrared wavelengths provide better penetration depth inbiological tissues, so these are useful for plasmonic photothermal cancertherapeutics. In the context of nanoparticles for such applications, theabsorption can be tuned for longer NIR wavelengths. However, on increasing thesize of the nanoparticle, the scattering is enhanced and thus is not suitablefor plasmonic therapeutics. Therefore, to overcome this issue, different typesof small gold nanorods were synthesized and converted into stable aggregates tored-shift the plasmonic resonance wavelength to longer near-infraredwavelengths. The gold nanorod aggregates were embedded into the agarose gelphantoms mimicking the tumor-tissue-like structure. The photothermal responsewas measured through the prepared phantoms using a broadband near-infraredlight source. It was shown that even in an extremely dilute concentration ofgold nanorods, the photothermal heat generation could increase after theaggregation and also give gives deeper penetration of thermal energy. Theobserved photothermal response was also verified through numerical simulation.The current study shows better performance by increasing the plasmoniccoupling, reducing the mismatch issue of plasmonic resonance shift in thesecond biological therapeutic window for the aggregates without increasing thesize of individual nanoparticles. The aggregates provide better lightpenetration at deeper tissue by red-shifting the absorbance resonancewavelength which is useful for plasmonic photothermal cancer therapy.

Plasmonic photothermal response of a phantom embedded with gold nanorod aggregates on broadband near-infrared irradiation