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Dynamically typed programming languages are popular in education and thesoftware industry. While presenting a low barrier to entry, they suffer fromrun-time type errors and longer-term problems in code quality andmaintainability. Statically typed languages, while showing strength in theseaspects, lack in learnability and ease of use. In particular, fixing typeerrors poses challenges to both novice users and experts. Further,compiler-type error messages are presented in a static way that is biasedtoward the first occurrence of the error in the program code. To help usersresolve such type errors, we introduce ChameleonIDE, a type debugging tool thatpresents type errors to the user in an unbiased way, allowing them to explorethe full context of where the errors could occur. Programmers can interactivelyverify the steps of reasoning against their intention. Through three studiesinvolving real programmers, we showed that ChameleonIDE is more effective infixing type errors than traditional text-based error messages. This differenceis more significant in harder tasks. Further, programmers actively usingChameleonIDE's interactive features are shown to be more efficient in fixingtype errors than passively reading the type error output.

ChameleonIDE: Untangling Type Errors Through Interactive Visualization and Exploration