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The use of multidimensional modulations can decrease the energy consumptionof optical links. In this paper, we propose and study Mode Vector Modulation(MVM), a generalized polarization modulation scheme for transmission overmultimode/multicore optical fibers or free space. Similar to Polarization ShiftKeying (PolSK) and Stokes Vector Modulation (SVM), MVM can be used inconjunction with direct detection and, therefore, is suitable fornext-generation, short-haul optical interconnects. This paper focuses on theMVM transceiver architecture, the back-to-back performance ofoptically-preamplified MVM direct detection (DD) receivers, the optimizedgeometric shaping of the MVM constellation, and the related bit-to-symbolmapping. We show that MVM DD outperforms conventional single-mode,direct-detection-compliant, digital modulation formats by several dBs in termsof receiver sensitivity and the SNR gain increases with the number of spatialdegrees of freedom (SDOFs) N.

Mode Vector Modulation: Extending Stokes Vector Modulation to Higher Dimensions