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Biochars are black carbonaceous solids produced through biomass pyrolysisunder conditions of little or no oxygen. Whilst their properties are wellstudied, and their applications numerous, the underlying molecular structureswithin biochars still need to be defined. This raises a substantial barrier tothe molecular modelling of biochars and has limited computational study ofthese materials, despite the advantages of such techniques. In this work, wecritically assess the analytical techniques used to characterise biochars anduse this information to gain molecular-level insights into biochars' molecularcompositions and nanostructures. We focus on properties present at thenanoscale and which provide atomic-resolution insights into the molecularstructures within these materials. Our goal is to create a holisticunderstanding of biochars' chemical, physical and molecular properties and tolay the foundation for future work focused on developing realistic molecularmodels of these materials.

Biochars at the molecular level. Part 1 -- Insights into the molecular structures within biochars