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Validation of deformable image registration techniques is extremelyimportant, but hard, especially when complex deformations or content mismatchare involved. These complex deformations and content mismatch, for example,occur after the placement of an applicator for brachytherapy for cervicalcancer. Virtual phantoms could enable the creation of validation data sets withground truth deformations that simulate the large deformations that occurbetween image acquisitions. However, the quality of the multi-organ FiniteElement Method (FEM)-based simulations is dependent on the patient-specificexternal forces and mechanical properties assigned to the organs. A commonapproach to calibrate these simulation parameters is through optimization,finding the parameter settings that optimize the match between the outcome ofthe simulation and reality. When considering inherently simplified organmodels, we hypothesize that the optimal deformations of one organ cannot beachieved with a single parameter setting without compromising the optimality ofthe deformation of the surrounding organs. This means that there will be atrade-off between the optimal deformations of adjacent organs, such as thevagina-uterus and bladder. This work therefore proposes and evaluates amulti-objective optimization approach where the trade-off between organdeformations can be assessed after optimization. We showcase what the extent ofthe trade-off looks like when bi-objectively optimizing the patient-specificmechanical properties and external forces of the vagina-uterus and bladder forFEM-based simulations.

Bi-objective optimization of organ properties for the simulation of intracavitary brachytherapy applicator placement in cervical cancer