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Computational simulations are a popular method for testing hypotheses aboutthe emergence of communication. This kind of research is performed in a varietyof traditions including language evolution, developmental psychology, cognitivescience, machine learning, robotics, etc. The motivations for the models aredifferent, but the operationalizations and methods used are often similar. Weidentify the assumptions and explanatory targets of several most representativemodels and summarise the known results. We claim that some of the assumptions-- such as portraying meaning in terms of mapping, focusing on the descriptivefunction of communication, modelling signals with amodal tokens -- may hinderthe success of modelling. Relaxing these assumptions and foregrounding theinteractions of embodied and situated agents allows one to systematise themultiplicity of pressures under which symbolic systems evolve. In line withthis perspective, we sketch the road towards modelling the emergence ofmeaningful symbolic communication, where symbols are simultaneously grounded inaction and perception and form an abstract system.

Models of symbol emergence in communication: a conceptual review and a guide for avoiding local minima