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Traditional network resident functions (e.g., firewalls, network addresstranslation) and middleboxes (caches, load balancers) have moved frompurpose-built appliances to software-based components. However, L2/L3 networkfunctions (NFs) are being implemented on Network Function Virtualization (NFV)platforms that extensively exploit kernel-bypass technology. They often useDPDK for zero-copy delivery and high performance. On the other hand, L4/L7middleboxes, which have a greater emphasis on functionality, take advantage ofa full-fledged kernel-based system.  L2/L3 NFs and L4/L7 middleboxes continue to be handled by distinct platformson different nodes. This paper proposes MiddleNet that develops a unifiednetwork resident function framework that supports L2/L3 NFs and L4/L7middleboxes. MiddleNet supports function chains that are essential in both NFVand middlebox environments. MiddleNet uses the Data Plane Development Kit(DPDK) library for zero-copy packet delivery without interrupt-basedprocessing, to enable the "bump-in-the-wire" L2/L3 processing performancerequired of NFV. To support L4/L7 middlebox functionality, MiddleNet utilizes aconsolidated, kernel-based protocol stack for processing, avoiding a dedicatedprotocol stack for each function. MiddleNet fully exploits the event-drivencapabilities of the extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) and seamlesslyintegrates it with shared memory for high-performance communication in L4/L7middlebox function chains. The overheads for MiddleNet in L4/L7 are strictlyload-proportional, without needing the dedicated CPU cores of DPDK-basedapproaches. MiddleNet supports flow-dependent packet processing by leveragingSingle Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) to dynamically select the packetprocessing needed (Layers 2 - 7). Our experimental results show that MiddleNetachieves high performance in such a unified environment.

MiddleNet: A Unified, High-Performance NFV and Middlebox Framework with eBPF and DPDK