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Secure elements physically exposed to adversaries are frequently targeted byfault attacks. These attacks can be utilized to hijack the control-flow ofsoftware allowing the attacker to bypass security measures, extract sensitivedata, or gain full code execution. In this paper, we systematically analyze thethreat vector of fault-induced control-flow manipulations on the open-sourceOpenTitan secure element. Our thorough analysis reveals that currentcountermeasures of this chip either induce large area overheads or still cannotprevent the attacker from exploiting the identified threats. In this context,we introduce SCRAMBLE-CFI, an encryption-based control-flow integrity schemeutilizing existing hardware features of OpenTitan. SCRAMBLE-CFI confines, withminimal hardware overhead, the impact of fault-induced control-flow attacks byencrypting each function with a different encryption tweak at load-time. Atruntime, code only can be successfully decrypted when the correct decryptiontweak is active. We open-source our hardware changes and release our LLVMtoolchain automatically protecting programs. Our analysis shows thatSCRAMBLE-CFI complementarily enhances security guarantees of OpenTitan with anegligible hardware overhead of less than 3.97 % and a runtime overhead of 7.02% for the Embench-IoT benchmarks.

SCRAMBLE-CFI: Mitigating Fault-Induced Control-Flow Attacks on OpenTitan