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Cell deformability is an essential determinant for tissue-scale mechanicalnature, such as fluidity and rigidity, and is thus crucial for understandingtissue homeostasis and stable developmental processes. However, numericalsimulations for the collective dynamics of cells with arbitral celldeformations akin to mesenchymal, ameboid, and epithelial cells in anon-confluent situation need high computational costs and are stillchallenging. Here we propose a new method that allows us to study significantlylarger numbers of cells than existing methods. Using the method, weinvestigated the densely packed active cell population interacting via excludedvolume interactions, and discovered the emergence of two fluid phases indeformable cell populations, a soft-fluid phase with drastically deformed cellshapes and a fluid phase with circular cell shapes. The transition betweenthese two phases is characterized by the percolation of topological defects,which is experimentally testable.

Active Deformable Cells Undergo Cell Shape Transition Associated with Percolation of Topological Defects