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Jupiter's magnetosphere is considered to be the most powerful particleaccelerator in the Solar System, accelerating electrons from eV to 70 MeV andions to GeV energies. How electromagnetic processes drive energy and particleflows, producing and removing energetic particles, is at the heart ofHeliophysics. Particularly, the 2013 Decadal Strategy for Solar and SpacePhysics was to "Discover and characterize fundamental processes that occur bothwithin the heliosphere and throughout the universe". The Jovian system offersan ideal natural laboratory to investigate all of the universal processeshighlighted in the previous Decadal. The X-ray waveband has been widely used toremotely study plasma across astrophysical systems. The majority ofastrophysical emissions can be grouped into 5 X-ray processes: fluorescence,thermal/coronal, scattering, charge exchange and particle acceleration. TheJovian system offers perhaps the only system that presents a rich catalog ofall of these X-ray emission processes and can also be visited in-situ,affording the special possibility to directly link fundamental plasma processeswith their resulting X-ray signatures. This offers invaluable ground-truths forastrophysical objects beyond the reach of in-situ exploration (e.g. browndwarfs, magnetars or galaxy clusters that map the cosmos). Here, we show howcoupling in-situ measurements with in-orbit X-ray observations of Jupiter'sradiation belts, Galilean satellites, Io Torus, and atmosphere addressesfundamental heliophysics questions with wide-reaching impact across helio- andastrophysics. New developments like miniaturized X-ray optics andradiation-tolerant detectors, provide compact, lightweight, wide-field X-rayinstruments perfectly suited to the Jupiter system, enabling this exciting newpossibility.

Exploring Fundamental Particle Acceleration and Loss Processes in Heliophysics through an Orbiting X-ray Instrument in the Jovian System