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The primordial ingredient of cuprate superconductivity is the CuO2 unit cell.Here, theoretical attention usually concentrates on the intra-atom Coulombicinteractions dominating the 3d^9 and 3d^10 configurations of each copper ion.However, if Coulombic interactions also occur between electrons of the 2p^6orbitals of each planar oxygen atom, spontaneous orbital ordering may splittheir energy levels. This long predicted intra-unit cell symmetry breakingshould then generate an orbital ordered phase, for which the charge-transferenergy E separating the 2p^6 and 3d^10orbitals is distinct for the two oxygenatoms. Here we introduce sublattice resolved E(r) imaging techniques to CuO2studies and discover intra-unit-cell rotational symmetry breaking of E(r), withenergy-level splitting between the two oxygen atoms on the 50 meV scale.Spatially, this state is arranged in disordered Ising domains of orthogonallyoriented orbital order that appear bounded by dopant ions, and within whosedomain walls low energy electronic quadrupolar two-level systems occur.Overall, these data reveal a Q=0 orbitally ordered state that splits the energylevels of the oxygen orbitals by ~50 meV, in underdoped CuO2.

Discovery of Orbital Ordering in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x