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As many satellite constellations are proposed, deployed, and operated, theirmaintenance becomes increasingly important to provide satisfactory services;therefore, on-orbit refueling to spacecraft has become one of the mostpromising technologies for realizing more sustainable space development. Thispaper develops an analytical model to examine two types of missionarchitectures for multi-target on-orbit refueling missions: a non-cooperativearchitecture and a cooperative architecture. In the (rather conventional)non-cooperative refueling architecture, a servicer spacecraft visits passivetargets one by one, whereas, in the cooperative refueling architecture, boththe servicer and the targets can actively maneuver to complete refuelingcooperatively. This paper analytically compares the fuel mass required in eacharchitecture to support the decision-making process of mission architects.Furthermore, the condition under which the cooperative architecture becomesmore efficient than the non-cooperative architecture is analytically derived.The sensitivities of this condition against key mission parameters, such as thenumber of targets and their inclination, are also analyzed through a case studyof multi-plane multi-target on-orbit refueling in low Earth orbits.

Analysis of Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Architectures for Multi-Plane On-Orbit Refueling