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Antibiotics resistance has caused much complication in the treatment ofdiseases, where the pathogen is no longer susceptible to specific antibioticsand the use of such antibiotics are no longer effective for treatment. A recentstudy that utilizes digital organisms suggests that complete elimination ofspecific antibiotic resistance is unlikely after the disuse of antibiotics,assuming that there are no fitness costs for maintaining resistance onceresistance are established. Fitness cost are referred to as reaction to changein environment, where organism improves its' abilities in one area at theexpense of the other. Our goal in this study is to use digital organisms toexamine the rate of gain and loss of resistance where fitness costs haveincurred in maintaining resistance. Our results showed that GC-content basedfitness cost during de-selection by removal of antibiotic-induced selectivepressure portrayed similar trends in resistance compared to that of no fitnesscost, at all stages of initial selection, repeated de-selection andre-introduction of selective pressure. Paired t-test suggested that prolongedstabilization of resistance after initial loss is not statistically significantfor its difference to that of no fitness cost. This suggests that completeelimination of specific antibiotics resistance is unlikely after the disuse ofantibiotics despite presence of fitness cost in maintaining antibioticresistance during the disuse of antibiotics, once a resistant pool ofmicro-organism has been established.

Resistance Maintained in Digital Organisms despite  Guanine/Cytosine-Based Fitness Cost and Extended De-Selection: Implications  to Microbial Antibiotics Resistance