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Electromagnetic wave interaction with time-varying systems has gained a lotof research interest in recent years. The temporal modulation givesunprecedented control over the response, allowing us to go beyond thestate-of-the-art in passive systems. In this work, we use time variation toderive a model for a deep-subwavelength direction-of-arrival (DoA) sensingapparatus with enhanced performance and sensitivity. We formulate the problem,derive an analytical model, and discuss the various physical mechanismsresponsible for the enhancement. We show that time modulation enables a newdegree of control that can be used to optimize the response for variousincident frequencies, allowing for wideband operation. Additionally, we showthat incorporating the currents from higher generated harmonics into thesensing scheme allows us to extract more accurate information about theimpinging wave.

Enhanced sensitivity deep subwavelength direction-of-arrival sensing using temporal modulation