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There has been an unfortunate gap in coronal emission line observations fromspace in the visible and near IR (V+NIR). Their distinct scientific advantagestems from the dominance of radiative excitation in their formation, wherebytheir emission can be detected out to several solar radii above the limb. V+NIRemission lines can thus yield the only inferences of the physical properties ofthe coronal plasma, such as species temperatures, densities, elementalabundances, and speeds along and perpendicular to the line of sight in thiscritical spatial span. These diagnostics have been demonstrated with decades ofunsurpassed high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations during totalsolar eclipses. This white paper calls for dedicated funding for a Total SolarEclipse Earth-Based Mission for ground, airborne and seaborne observations ofthe corona during totality for the next decade starting in 2024. The proposedMission capitalizes on the unique diagnostic potential offered by the V+NIRcoronal emission lines for the inference of key plasma parameters over adistance range of at least 5 Rs from the solar surface. This critical coronalspace is currently missing from existing and to-be launched coronagraphicinstrumentation in the proposed time frame. Multi-site observing platforms foreach eclipse would further capture the temporal variability of coronal plasmasover a time span of at least 1 hour, with a temporal resolution of a fractionof a minute. Furthermore, this Mission offers unsurpassed opportunities for theexploration of new technologies for future implementation with coronagraphs.This Mission has a unique significant broader impact for outreach opportunitiesto engage the public and the younger generations in heliospheric science froman awe-inspiring cosmic event.

A Total Solar Eclipse Earth-Based Mission: Multi-wavelength Observations from Land, Sea and Air to Probe the Critical middle Corona