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Successful deployment of geological carbon storage (GCS) requires anextensive use of reservoir simulators for screening, ranking and optimizationof storage sites. However, the time scales of GCS are such that no sufficientlong-term data is available yet to validate the simulators against. As aconsequence, there is currently no solid basis for assessing the quality withwhich the dynamics of large-scale GCS operations can be forecasted.  To meet this knowledge gap, we have conducted a major GCS validationbenchmark study. To achieve reasonable time scales, a laboratory-sizegeological storage formation was constructed (the "FluidFlower"), forming thebasis for both the experimental and computational work. A validation experimentconsisting of repeated GCS operations was conducted in the FluidFlower,providing what we define as the true physical dynamics for this system. Ninedifferent research groups from around the world provided forecasts, bothindividually and collaboratively, based on a detailed physical andpetrophysical characterization of the FluidFlower sands.  The major contribution of this paper is a report and discussion of theresults of the validation benchmark study, complemented by a description of thebenchmarking process and the participating computational models. The forecastsfrom the participating groups are compared to each other and to theexperimental data by means of various indicative qualitative and quantitativemeasures. By this, we provide a detailed assessment of the capabilities ofreservoir simulators and their users to capture both the injection andpost-injection dynamics of the GCS operations.

The FluidFlower International Benchmark Study: Process, Modeling Results, and Comparison to Experimental Data