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Response functions are a fundamental aspect of physics; they represent thelink between experimental observations and the underlying quantum many-bodystate. However, this link is often under-appreciated, as the Lehmann formalismfor obtaining response functions in linear response has no direct link toexperiment. Within the context of quantum computing, and by using a linearresponse framework, we restore this link by making the experiment aninextricable part of the quantum simulation. This method can be frequency- andmomentum-selective, avoids limitations on operators that can be directlymeasured, and is ancilla-free. As prototypical examples of response functions,we demonstrate that both bosonic and fermionic Green's functions can beobtained, and apply these ideas to the study of a charge-density-wave materialon ibm_auckland. The linear response method provides a robust framework forusing quantum computers to study systems in physics and chemistry. It alsoprovides new paradigms for computing response functions on classical computers.

A linear response framework for simulating bosonic and fermionic correlation functions illustrated on quantum computers