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According to conventional wisdom, a system placed in an environment with adifferent temperature tends to relax to the temperature of the latter, mediatedby the flows of heat and/or matter that are set solely by the temperaturedifference. It is becoming clear, however, that thermal relaxation is much moreintricate when temperature changes push the system far from thermodynamicequilibrium. Interestingly, under such conditions heating was predicted to befaster than cooling, which we experimentally confirm using an optically trappedcolloidal particle. More strikingly, we show with both experiments and theorythat between any pair of temperatures, heating is not only faster than coolingbut the respective processes in fact evolve along fundamentally distinctpathways, which we explain with a new theoretical framework we coin "thermalkinematics".

Heating and Cooling are Fundamentally Asymmetric and Evolve Along Distinct Pathways