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Psychological interventions, especially those leveraging mobile and wirelesstechnologies, often include multiple components that are delivered and adaptedon multiple timescales (e.g., coaching sessions adapted monthly based onclinical progress, combined with motivational messages from a mobile deviceadapted daily based on the person's daily emotional state). The hybridexperimental design (HED) is a new experimental approach that enablesresearchers to answer scientific questions about the construction ofpsychological interventions in which components are delivered and adapted ondifferent timescales. These designs involve sequential randomizations of studyparticipants to intervention components, each at an appropriate timescale(e.g., monthly randomization to different intensities of coaching sessions anddaily randomization to different forms of motivational messages). The goal ofthe current manuscript is twofold. The first is to highlight the flexibility ofthe HED by conceptualizing this experimental approach as a special form of afactorial design in which different factors are introduced at multipletimescales. We also discuss how the structure of the HED can vary depending onthe scientific question(s) motivating the study. The second goal is to explainhow data from various types of HEDs can be analyzed to answer a variety ofscientific questions about the development of multi-component psychologicalinterventions. For illustration we use a completed HED to inform thedevelopment of a technology-based weight loss intervention that integratescomponents that are delivered and adapted on multiple timescales.

Design of Experiments with Sequential Randomizations on Multiple Timescales: The Hybrid Experimental Design