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In this paper, the level of sparsity is examined at 6, 26, and 132 GHzcarrier frequencies by conducting channel measurements in an indoor officeenvironment. By using the Gini index (value between 0 and 1) as a metric forcharacterizing sparsity, we show that increasing carrier frequency leads toincreased levels of sparsity. The measured channel impulse responses are usedto derive a Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-style propagationmodel, used to calculate the Gini index for the comparison of the channelsparsity between the measurement and simulation based on the 3GPP model. Ourresults show that the mean value of the Gini index in measurement is over twicethe value in simulation, implying that the 3GPP channel model does not capturethe effects of sparsity in the delay domain as frequency increases. Inaddition, a new intra-cluster power allocation model based on measurements isproposed to characterize the effects of sparsity in the delay domain of the3GPP channel model. The accuracy of the proposed model is analyzed usingtheoretical derivations and simulations. Using the derived intra-cluster powerallocation model, the mean value of the Gini index is 0.97, while the spread ofvariability is restricted to 0.01, demonstrating that the proposed model issuitable for 3GPP-type channels. To our best knowledge, this paper is the firstto perform measurements and analysis at three different frequencies for theevaluation of channel sparsity in the same environment.

Channel Sparsity Variation and Model-Based Analysis on 6, 26, and 132 GHz Measurements