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The rapid evolution of communication technologies such as 5G and beyond, relyon optical networks to support the challenging and ambitious requirements thatinclude both capacity and reliability. This chapter begins by giving anoverview of the evolution of optical access networks, focusing on PassiveOptical Networks (PONs). The development of the different PON standards andrequirements aiming at longer reach, higher client count and deliveredbandwidth are presented. PON virtualization is also introduced as theflexibility enabler. Triggered by the increase of bandwidth supported by accessand aggregation network segments, core networks have also evolved, as presentedin the second part of the chapter. Scaling the physical infrastructure requireshigh investment and hence, operators are considering alternatives to optimizethe use of the existing capacity. This chapter introduces different planningproblems such as Routing and Spectrum Assignment problems, placement problemsfor regenerators and wavelength converters, and how to offer resilience todifferent failures. An overview of control and management is also provided.Moreover, motivated by the increasing importance of data storage and dataprocessing, this chapter also addresses different aspects of optical datacenter interconnects. Data centers have become critical infrastructure tooperate any service. They are also forced to take advantage of opticaltechnology in order to keep up with the growing capacity demand and powerconsumption. This chapter gives an overview of different optical data centernetwork architectures as well as some expected directions to improve theresource utilization and increase the network capacity.

Optical Networks and Interconnects