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Traceability systems are important for solving problems due to the increasingscale of the global supply chain, such as food safety crises and marketdisorder. Blockchain, as an immutable and decentralized ledger, is able tooptimize the traditional traceability system by ensuring the transparency andreliability of the system data. However, the use of blockchain technology maylead to a rapid increase in the complexity of system design and development. Itis challenging to address widespread and complicated business, changeableprocesses, and massive data in practice, which are the main factors restrictingthe wide application of a blockchain-based traceability system (BTS).Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed relevant studies and proposed a referencearchitecture for BTSs. The proposed reference architecture can improve thecohesiveness, maintainability, and extensibility of BTSs through domain-drivendesign (DDD) and microservices. Considering the efficiency reduction caused bymassive data and complicated data structure, we further changed the traditionalsingle blockchain framework into multiple sub-chain networks, which couldimprove development efficiency and system performance. With the guidance of thearchitecture trade-off analysis method (ATAM), we evaluated our referencearchitecture and implemented a prototype in the salmon supply chain scenario.The results show that our solution is effective and adaptable to meet therequirements of BTSs.

A Reference Architecture for Blockchain-based Traceability Systems Using Domain-Driven Design and Microservices