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Which phenomenon slows down the dynamics in super-cooled liquids and turnsthem into glasses is a long-standing question of condensed-matter. Most populartheories posit that the dynamics becomes cooperative as the temperaturedecreases: many events must occur in a coordinated fashion on a growing lengthscale for relaxation to occur. Instead, other approaches consider that localbarriers associated with the elementary rearrangement of a few particles or`excitations' govern the dynamics. Here, we introduce a new algorithm, SEER, toresolve this conundrum. SEER can systematically extract hundreds of excitationsand their energy from any given configuration. Remarkably, we find that theexcitation density of states is essentially shifted to higher energy undercooling. This observation directly predicts how local barriers slow down thedynamics. We compare this prediction with the observed dynamics in liquids thatcan be equilibrated by swap algorithms up to millisecond time scales. Theagreement is quantitative, revealing that cooperative effects are notcontrolling the fragility of the liquid, and suggesting new perspectives on theglass transition.

Local barriers control relaxation near the glass transition up to millisecond time scales