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Platform trials offer a framework to study multiple interventions in a singletrial with the opportunity of opening and closing arms. The use of a commoncontrol in platform trials can increase efficiency as compared to individualcontrol arms or separate trials per treatment. However, the need formultiplicity adjustment as a consequence of common controls is currently acontroversial debate among researchers, pharmaceutical companies, as well asregulators. We investigate the impact of a common control arm in platformtrials on the type one error and power in comparison to what would have beenobtained with a platform trial with individual control arms in a simulationstudy. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact on power in case multiplicityadjustment is required in a platform trial. In both study designs, thefamily-wise error rate (FWER) is inflated compared to a standard, two-armedrandomized controlled trial when no multiplicity adjustment is applied. In caseof a common control, the FWER inflation is smaller. In most circumstances, aplatform trial with a common control is still beneficial in terms of samplesize and power after multiplicity adjustment, whereas in some cases, theplatform trial with a common control loses the efficiency gain. Therefore, wefurther discuss the need for adjustment in terms of a family definition orhypotheses dependencies.

Platform Trials: the Impact of common Controls on Type One Error and Power