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Displacement ventilation, where cool external air enters a room throughlow-level vents and warmer air leaves through high-level vents, ischaracterised by vertical gradients in pressure arising from the warmer indoortemperatures. Models usually assume that horizontal variations of temperaturedifference are small in comparison and are, therefore, unimportant. Small-scalelaboratory experiments and computational fluid dynamics were used to examinethese flows, driven by a uniformly heated floor. These experiments andsimulations show that the horizontal variations of temperature difference canbe neglected for predictions of the bulk ventilation rate; however, they alsoevidence that these horizontal variations can be significant and play acritical role in establishing the pattern of flow within the room -- thisrenders the horizontal position of the low- and high-level vents (relative toone another) important. We consider two cases: single-ended (where inlet andoutlet are at the same end of the room) and opposite-ended. In both cases theventilation flow rate is the same. However, in the opposite-ended case a deadzone is established in the upper part of the room which results in significanthorizontal variations. We consider the formation of this dead zone by examiningthe streamline patterns and the age of air within the room. We discuss theimplications for occupant exposure to pollutants and airborne disease.

Uniformly distributed floor sources of buoyancy can give rise to significant spatial inhomogeneities within rooms