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The human cerebral cortex is highly convoluted into convex gyri and concavesulci. It has been demonstrated that gyri and sulci are significantly differentin their anatomy, connectivity, and function, besides exhibiting opposite shapepatterns, long-distance axonal fibers connected to gyri are much denser thanthose connected to sulci, and neural signals on gyri are more complex inlow-frequency while sulci are more complex in high-frequency. Althoughaccumulating evidence shows significant differences between gyri and sulci,their primary roles in brain function have not been elucidated yet. To solvethis fundamental problem, we design a novel Twin-Transformer framework tounveil the unique functional roles of gyri and sulci as well as theirrelationship in the whole brain function. Our Twin-Transformer framework adoptstwo structure-identical (twin) Transformers to disentangle spatial-temporalpatterns of gyri and sulci, one focuses on the information of gyri and theother is on sulci. The Gyro-Sulcal interactions, along with the tremendous butwidely existing variability across subjects, are characterized in the lossdesign. We validated our Twin-Transformer on the HCP task-fMRI dataset, for thefirst time, to elucidate the different roles of gyri and sulci in brainfunction. Our results suggest that gyri and sulci could work together in acore-periphery network manner, that is, gyri could serve as core networks forinformation gathering and distributing, while sulci could serve as peripherynetworks for specific local information processing. These findings have shednew light on our fundamental understanding of the brain's basic structural andfunctional mechanisms.

Gyri vs. Sulci: Disentangling Brain Core-Periphery Functional Networks via Twin-Transformer