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Human syntactic structures are usually represented as graphs. Much researchhas focused on the mapping between such graphs and linguistic sequences, butless attention has been paid to the shapes of the graphs themselves: theirtopologies. This study investigates how the topologies of syntactic graphsreveal traces of the processes that led to their emergence. I report a newuniversal regularity in syntactic structures: Their topology is communicativelyefficient above chance. The pattern holds, without exception, for all 124languages studied, across linguistic families and modalities (spoken, written,and signed). This pattern can arise from a process optimizing for communicativeefficiency or, alternatively, by construction, as a by-effect of a sublinearpreferential attachment process reflecting language production mechanisms knownfrom psycholinguistics. This dual explanation shows how communicativeefficiency, per se, does not require optimization. Among the two options,efficiency without optimization offers the better explanation for the newpattern.

Universal Topological Regularities of Syntactic Structures: Decoupling Efficiency from Optimization