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The goals of reducing energy costs, shifting electricity peaks, increasingthe use of renewable energy, and enhancing the stability of the electric gridcan be met in part by fully exploiting the energy flexibility potential ofbuildings and building equipment. The development of strategies that exploitthese flexibilities could be facilitated by publicly available high-resolutiondatasets illustrating how control of HVAC systems in commercial buildings canbe used in different climate zones to shape the energy use profile of abuilding for grid needs. This article presents the development and integrationof a Hardware-In-the-Loop Flexible load Testbed (HILFT) that integratesphysical HVAC systems with a simulated building model and simulated occupantswith the goal of generating datasets to verify load flexibility of typicalcommercial buildings. Compared to simulation-only experiments, thehardware-in-the-loop approach captures the dynamics of the physical systemswhile also allowing efficient testing of various boundary conditions. The HILFTintegration in this article is achieved through the co-simulation among varioussoftware environments including LabVIEW, MATLAB, and EnergyPlus. Althoughtheoretically viable, such integration has encountered many real-worldchallenges, such as: 1) how to design the overall data infrastructure to ensureeffective, robust, and efficient integration; 2) how to avoid closed-loophunting between simulated and emulated variables; 3) how to quantify systemresponse times and minimize system delays; and 4) how to assess the overallintegration quality. Lessons-learned using the examples of an AHU-VAV system,an air-source heat pump system, and a water-source heat pump system arepresented.

Development of a Hardware-in-the-loop Testbed for Laboratory Performance Verification of Flexible Building Equipment in Typical Commercial Buildings